1 Introduction

1.1 Introduction

2 Introductory concepts

2.1 What is an object

2.2 The function id()

3 Mutable and Immutable objects

3.1 Definition

3.2 Lists & integers: mutability and append(), +=, '='

3.3 The 'is' operator versus the '=='

3.4 The class of all classes: type

3.5 More examples on mutability: dictionaries & sets

3.6 Affecting a mutable object in & out of a function

3.7 A function that changes a list (=mutable) in but not out

3.8 Functions changing sets & dicts (=mutable) in but not out

3.9 Examples of mutable / immutable objects: list & tuples

3.10 Change mutable/immutable objects that are inside others

4 Scope

4.1 Global & local scope (functions)

4.2 Scope in if-else statements

4.3 The keyword 'global' to affect global vars from functions

5 Classes

5.1 Download the code

5.2 The constructor method

5.3 Instantiating the class

5.4 Merging objects, deleting/adding components of objects

5.5 Getter & setter methods

5.6 The @property decorator: getters & setters

5.7 More example - property decorator

5.8 More examples on @property decorator

5.9 The @property as a getter

5.10 The Encapsulation concept

5.11 Class attributes

5.12 Class methods and the @classmethod decorator

5.13 More examples of class methods

5.14 Static attributes

5.15 Static methods @staticmethod

5.16 revision on classes

5.17 Classmethods as constructors. Examples

5.18 More examples. Class methods as constructors

5.19 Private Attributes code for practice

6 Function closures and classes

6.1 Closures

7 Decorators

7.1 Create your own decorator (1 parameter)

7.2 Create your own decorator with any number of arguments

7.3 Example: A decorator for energy (GWh)

7.4 A decorator measuring runtime

7.5 Changing the return of a function with a decorator

7.6 Multiple decorators

8 Iterable objects and iterators

8.1 How to determine if an object is iterable

8.2 Manually iterating, next

8.3 Create your iterable object

8.4 Create your own iterator

8.5 A class with next and iter

8.6 iter versus iter

8.7 Implementing the range

8.8 It is not possible to reset an iterator

9 Generators

9.1 Define and call a generator

9.2 Generator versus iterator

9.3 Generator keep running till yield

9.4 next() generator

9.5 Memory advantages

9.6 Example for electricity consumption

9.7 Example range generator

10 Advanced Class Operations

10.1 Dataclass & special methods (repr, eq) & annotations

10.2 The hasattr, getattr commands

10.3 Initializing instance attributes based on Falsey values

10.4 Concatenate lists of custom objects, and, repr

10.5 Dictionary of custom objects

10.6 Make a list of custom objects, using list comprehension

10.7 How to Flatten a list of lists of custom objects

10.8 An Ordered Dictionary of custom objects

10.9 List of custom objects convert to dict of custom objects

11 Inheritance

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Why we need inheritance

11.3 Visibility child parent

11.4 Class creation using tuples and dict

11.5 Issubclass and Newtype (annotations)

11.6 Inheritance, static methods and class methods

12 Polymorphism function overloading

12.1 Method overloading - how not to

12.2 How to implement constructor overloading

12.3 Method overloading approach1

12.4 Method overloading approach2

12.5 Method overloading approach3

13 Polymorphism method overriding

13.1 Intro: Method overriding, overloading

13.2 Method overriding

13.3 Revision

14 Polymorphism Operator Overloading

14.1 Description

14.2 Example

15 Multiple inheritance

15.1 isinstance, class hierarchy

15.2 Multiple inheritance

15.3 Sequential inheritance

16 Polymorphism duck typing

16.1 Analysis

17 Abstraction

17.1 Abstract classes

17.2 Interface

18 Metaclass, superclass

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Metaclass and superclass

18.3 The power of metaclasses

18.4 Deep dive into metaclasses

18.5 Metaclass instantiation and inheritance

18.6 Inspect verify class relations

18.7 Metaclasses for making classes iterables

18.8 Concluding remarks

19 Lambda functions and objects

19.1 Nested lambda

19.2 Assigning a function to object

19.3 lambda on custom object

20 Conclusions

20.1 Conclusions